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FREEDOM FROM WAR
THE UNITED STATES PROGRAM
FOR GENERAL AND COMPLETE DISARMAMENT
IN A PEACEFUL WORLD
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 7277
Disarmament Series 5
Released September 1961
Office of Public Services
BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS
For sale by the Superintendent ot Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. - Price 15 cents
INTRODUCTION
The revolutionary development of modern weapons within a world
divided by serious ideological differences has produced a
crisis in human history. In order to overcome the danger of
nuclear war now confronting mankind, the United States has
introduced, at the Sixteenth General Assembly of the United
Nations, a Program for General and Complete Disarmament in a
Peaceful World.
This new program provides for the progressive reduction of the
war-making capabilities of nations and the simultaneous
strengthening of international institutions to settle disputes
and maintain the peace. It sets forth a series of comprehensive
measures which can and should be taken in order to bring about
a world in which there will be freedom from war and security
for all states. It is based on three principles deemed
essential to the achievement of practical progress in the
disarmament field:
First, there must be immediate disarmament action:
A strenuous and uninterrupted effort must be made toward the
goal of general and complete disarmament; at the same time, it
is important that specific measures be put into effect as soon
as possible.
Second, all disarmament obligations must be subject to
effective international controls:
The control organization must have the manpower, facilities,
and effectiveness to assure that limitations or reductions take
place as agreed. It must also be able to certify to all states
that retained forces and armaments do not exceed those
permitted at any stage of the disarmament process.
Third, adequate peace-keeping machinery must be established:
There is an inseparable relationship between the scaling down
of national armaments on the one hand and the building up of
international peace-keeping machinery and institutions on the
other. Nations are unlikely to shed their means of
self-protection in the absence of alternative ways to safeguard
their legitimate interests. This can only be achieved through
the progressive strengthening of international institutions
under the United Nations and by creating a United Nations Peace
Force to enforce the peace as the disarmament process proceeds.
---===---
There follows a summary of the principal provisions of the
United States Program for General and Complete Disarmament in a
Peaceful World. The full text of the program is contained in an
appendix to this pamphlet.
FREEDOM FROM WAR
THE UNITED STATES PROGRAM
FOR GENERAL AND COMPLETE DISARMAMENT
IN A PEACEFUL WORLD
SUMMARY
DISARMAMENT GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
The overall goal of the United States is a free, secure, and
peaceful world of independent states adhering to common standards
of justice and international conduct and subjecting the use of
force to the rule of law; a world which has achieved general and
complete disarmament under effective international control; and a
world in which adjustment to change takes place in accordance with
the principles of the United Nations.
In order to make possible the achievement of that goal, the program
sets forth the following specific objectives toward which nations
should direct their efforts:
* The disbanding of all national armed forces and the prohibition
of their reestablishment in any form whatsoever other than
those required to preserve internal order and for contributions
to a United Nations Peace Force;
* The elimination from national arsenals of all armaments,
including all weapons of mass destruction and the means for
their delivery, other than those required for a United Nations
Peace Force and for maintaining internal order;
* The institution of effective means for the enforcement of
international agreements, for the settlement of disputes, and
for the maintenance of peace in accordance with the principles
of the United Nations;
* The establishment and effective operation of an International
Disarmament Organization within the framework of the United
Nations to insure compliance at all times with all disarmament
obligations.
TASKS OF NEGOTIATING STATES
The negotiating states are called upon to develop the program into
a detailed plan for general and complete disarmament and to
continue their efforts without interruption until the whole program
has been achieved. To this end, they are to seek the widest
possible area of agreement at the earliest possible date. At the
same time, and without prejudice to progress on the disarmament
program, they are to seek agreement on those immediate measures
that would contribute to the common security of nations and that
could facilitate and form part of the total program.
GOVERNING PRINCIPLES
The program sets forth a series of general principles to guide the
negotiating states in their work. These make clear that:
* As states relinquish their arms, the United Nations must be
progressively strengthened in order to improve its capacity to
assure international security and the peaceful settlement of
disputes;
* Disarmament must proceed as rapidly as possible, until it is
completed, in stages containing balanced, phased, and
safeguarded measures;
* Each measure and stage should be carried out in an agreed
period of time, with transition from one stage to the next to
take place as soon as all measures in the preceding stage have
been carried out and verified and as soon as necessary
arrangements for verification of the next stage have been made;
* Inspection and verification must establish both that nations
carry out scheduled limitations or reductions and that they do
not retain armed forces and armaments in excess of those
permitted at any stage of the disarmament process; and
* Disarmament must take place in a manner that will not affect
adversely the security of any state.
DISARMAMENT STAGES
The program provides for progressive disarmament steps to take
place in three stages and for the simultaneous strengthening of
international institutions.
FIRST STAGE
The first stage containS measures which would significantly reduce
the capabilities of nations to wage aggressive war. Implementation
of this stage would mean that:
* The nuclear threat would be reduced:
All states would have adhered to a treaty effectively
prohibiting the testing of nuclear weapons.
The production of fissionable materials for use in weapons
would be stopped and quantities of such materials from past
production would be converted to non-weapons uses.
States owning nuclear weapons would not relinquish control
of such weapons to any nation not owning them and would not
transmit to any such nation information or material
necessary for their manufacture.
States not owning nuclear weapons would not manufacture
them or attempt to obtain control of such weapons belonging
to other states.
A Commission of Experts would be established to report on
the feasibility and means for the verified reduction and
eventual elimination of nuclear weapons stockpiles.
* Strategic delivery vehicles would be reduced:
Strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles of specified
categories and weapons designed to counter such vehicles
would be reduced to agreed levels by equitable and balanced
steps; their production would be discontinued or limited;
their testing would be limited or halted.
* Arms and armed forces would be reduced:
The armed forces of the United States and the Soviet Union
would be limited to 2.I million men each (with appropriate
levels not exceeding that amount for other militarily
significant states); levels of armaments would be
correspondingly reduced and their production would be
limited.
An Experts Commission would be established to examine and
report on the feasibility and means of accomplishing
verifiable reduction and eventual elimination of all
chemical, biological and radiological weapons.
* Peaceful use of outer space would be promoted:
The placing in orbit or stationing in outer space of
weapons capable of producing mass destruction would be
prohibited.
States would give advance notification of space vehicle and
missile launchings.
* U.N. peace-keeping powers would be strengthened:
Measures would be taken to develop and strengthen United
Nations arrangementS for arbitration, for the development
of international law, and for the establishment in Stage II
of a permanent U.N. Peace Force.
* An International Disarmament Organization would be established
for effective verification of the disarmament program:
Its functions would be expanded progressively as
disarmament proceeds.
It would certify to all states that agreed reductions have
taken place and that retained forces and armaments do not
exceed permitted levels.
It would determine the transition from one stage to the
next.
* States would be committed to other measures to reduce
international tension and to protect against the chance of war
by accident, miscalculation, or surprise attack:
States would be committed to refrain from the threat or use
of any type of armed force contrary to the principles of
the U.N. Charter and to refrain from indirect aggression
and subversion against any country.
A U.N. peace observation group would be available to
investigate any situation which might constitute a threat
to or breach of the peace.
States would be committed to give advance notice of major
military movements which might cause alarm; observation
posts would be established to report on concentrations and
movements of military forces.
SECOND STAGE
The second stage contains a series of measures which would bring
within sight a world in which there would be freedom from war.
Implementation of all measures in the second stage would mean:
* Further substantial reductions in the armed forces, armaments,
and military establishments of states, including strategic
nuclear weapons delivery vehicles and countering weapons;
* Further development of methods for the peaceful settlement of
disputes under the United Nations;
* Establishment of a permanent international peace force within
the United Nations;
* Depending on the findings of an Experts Commission, a halt in
the production of chemical, bacteriological and radiological
weapons and a reduction of existing stocks or their conversion
to peaceful uses;
* On the basis of the findings of an Experts Commission, a
reduction of stocks of nuclear weapons;
* The dismantling or the conversion to peaceful uses of certain
military bases and facilities wherever located; and
* The strengthening and enlargement of the International
Disarmament Organization to enable it to verify the steps taken
in Stage II and to determine the transition to Stage III.
THIRD STAGE
During the third stage of the program, the states of the world,
building on the experience and confidence gained in successfully
implementing the measures of the first two stages, would take final
steps toward the goal of a world in which:
* States would retain only those forces, non-nuclear armaments,
and establishments required for the purpose of maintaining
internal order; they would also support and provide agreed
manpower for a U.N. Peace Force.
* The U.N. Peace Force, equipped with agreed types and quantities
of armaments, would be fully functioning.
* The manufacture of armaments would be prohibited except for
those of agreed types and quantities to be used by the U.N.
Peace Force and those required to maintain internal order. All
other armaments would be destroyed or converted to peaceful
purposes.
* The peace-keeping capabilities of the United Nations would be
sufficiently strong and the obligations of all states under
such arrangements sufficiently far-reaching as to assure peace
and the just settlement of differences in a disarmed world.
APPENDIX
DECLARATION ON DISARMAMENT
THE UNITED STATES PROGRAM
FOR GENERAL AND COMPLETE DISARMAMENT
IN A PEACEFUL WORLD
The Nations of the world,
Conscious of the crisis in human history produced by the
revolutionary development of modern weapons within a world divided
by serious ideological differences;
Determined to save present and succeeding generations from the
scourge of war and the dangers and burdens of the arms race and to
create conditions in which all peoples can strive freely and
peacefully to fulfill their basic aspirations;
Declare their goal to be: A free, secure, and peaceful world of
independent states adhering to common standards of justice and
international conduct and subjecting the use of force to the rule
of law; a world where adjustment to change takes place in
accordance with the principles of the United Nations; a world where
there shall be a permanent state of general and complete
disarmament under effective international control and where the
resources of nations shall be devoted to man's material, cultural,
and spiritual advance;
Set forth as the objectives of a program of general and complete
disarmament in a peaceful world:
(a) The disbanding of all national armed forces and the
prohibition of their reestablishment in any form whatsoever
other than those required to preserve internal order and for
contributions to a United Nations Peace Force;
(b) The elimination from national arsenals of all armaments,
including all weapons of mass destruction and the means for
their delivery, other than those required for a United Nations
Peace Force and for maintaining internal order;
(c) The establishment and effective operation of an
International Disarmament Organization within the framework of
the United Nations to ensure compliance at all times with all
disarmament obligations;
(d) The institution of effective means for the enforcement of
international agreements, for the settlement of disputes, and
for the maintenance of peace in accordance with the principles
of the United Nations.
Call on the negotiating states:
(a) To develop the outline program set forth below into an
agreed plan for general and complete disarmament and to
continue their efforts without interruption until the whole
program has been achieved;
(b) To this end to seek to attain the widest possible area of
agreement at the earliest possible date;
(c) Also to seek - without prejudice to progress on the
disarmament program - agreement on those immediate measures
that would contribute to the common security of nations and
that could facilitate and form a part of that program.
Affirm that disarmament negotiations should be guided by the
following principles:
(a) Disarmament shall take place as rapidly as possible until
it is completed in stages containing balanced, phased and
safeguarded measures, with each measure and stage to be carried
out in an agreed period of time.
(b) Compliance with all disarmament obligations shall be
effectively verified from their entry into force. Verification
arrangements shall be instituted progressively and in such a
manner as to verify not only that agreed limitations or
reductions take place but also that retained armed forces and
armaments do not exceed agreed levels at any stage.
(c) Disarmament shall take place in a manner that will not
affect adversely the security of any state, whether or not a
party to an international agreement or treaty.
(d) As states relinquish their arms, the United Nations shall
be progressively strengthened in order to improve its capacity
to assure international security and the peaceful settlement of
differences as well as to facilitate the development of
international cooperation in common tasks for the benefit of
mankind.
(e) Transition from one stage of disarmament to the next shall
take place as soon as all the measures in the preceding stage
have been carried out and effective verification is continuing
and as soon as the arrangements that have been agreed to be
necessary for the next stage have been instituted.
Agree upon the following outline program for achieving general and
complete disarmament:
STAGE I
A. To Establish an International Disarmament Organization:
(a) An International Disarmament Organization (IDO) shall be
established within the framework of the United Nations upon
entry into force of the agreement. Its functions shall be
expanded progressively as required for the effective
verification of the disarmament program.
(b) The IDO shall have: (1) a General Conference of all the
parties; (2) a Commission consisting of representatives of all
the major powers as permanent members and certain other states
on a rotating basis; and (3) an Administrator who will
administer the Organization subject to the direction of the
Commission and who will have the authority, staff, and finances
adequate to assure effective impartial implementation of the
functions of the Organization.
(c) The IDO shall: (1) ensure compliance with the obligations
undertaken by verifying the execution of measures agreed upon;
(2) assist the states in developing the details of agreed
further verification and disarmament measures; (3) provide for
the establishment of such bodies as may be necessary for
working out the details of further measures provided for in the
program and for such other expert study groups as may be
required to give continuous study to the problems of
disarmament; (4) receive reports on the progress of disarmament
and verification arrangements and determine the transition from
one stage to the next.
B. To Reduce Armed Forces and Armaments:
(a) Force levels shall be limited to 2.I million each for the
U.S. and U.S.S.R. and to appropriate levels not exceeding 2.1
million each for all other militarily significant states.
Reductions to the agreed levels will proceed by equitable,
proportionate, and verified steps.
(b) Levels of armaments of prescribed types shall be reduced by
equitable and balanced steps. The reductions shall be
accomplished by transfers of armaments to depots supervised by
the IDO. When, at specified periods during the Stage I
reduction process, the states party to the agreement have
agreed that the armaments and armed forces are at prescribed
levels, the armaments in depots shall be destroyed or converted
to peaceful uses.
(c) The production of agreed types of armaments shall be
limited.
(d) A Chemical, Biological, Radiological (CBR) Experts
Commission shall be established within the IDO for the purpose
of examining and reporting on the feasibility and means for
accomplishing the verifiable reduction and eventual elimination
of CBR weapons stockpiles and the halting of their production.
C. To Contain and Reduce the Nuclear Threat:
(a) States that have not acceded to a treaty effectively
prohibiting the testing of nuclear weapons shall do so.
(b) The production of fissionable materials for use in weapons
shall be stopped.
(c) Upon the cessation of production of fissionable materials
for use in weapons, agreed initial quantities of fissionable
materials from past production shall be transferred to
non-weapons purposes.
(d) Any fissionable materials transferred between countries for
peaceful uses of nuclear energy shall be subject to appropriate
safeguards to be developed in agreement with the IAEA.
(e) States owning nuclear weapons shall not relinquish control
of such weapons to any nation not owning them and shall not
transmit to any such nation information or material necessary
for their manufacture. States not owning nuclear weapons shall
not manufacture such weapons, attempt to obtain control of such
weapons belonging to other states, or seek or receive
information or materials necessary for their manufacture.
(f) A Nuclear Experts Commission consisting of representatives
of the nuclear states shall be established within the IDO for
the purpose of examining and reporting on the feasibility and
means for accomplishing the verified reduction and eventual
elimination of nuclear weapons stockpiles.
D. To Reduce Strategic Nuclear Weapons Delivery Vehicles:
(a) Strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles in specified
categories and agreed types of weapons designed to counter such
vehicles shall be reduced to agreed levels by equitable and
balanced steps. The reduction shall be accomplished in each
step by transfers to depots supervised by the IDO of vehicles
that are in excess of levels agreed upon for each step. At
specified periods during the Stage I reduction process, the
vehicles that have been placed under supervision of the IDO
shall be destroyed or converted to peaceful uses.
(b) Production of agreed categories of strategic nuclear
weapons delivery vehicles and agreed types of weapons designed
to counter such vehicles shall be discontinued or limited.
(c) Testing of agreed categories of strategic nuclear weapons
delivery vehicles and agreed types of weapons designed to
counter such vehicles shall be limited or halted.
E. To Promote the Peaceful Use of Outer Space:
(a) The placing into orbit or stationing in outer space of
weapons capable c,f producing mass destruction shall be
prohibited.
(b) States shall give advance notification to participating
states and to the IDO of launchings of space vehicles and
missiles, together with the track of the vehicle.
F. To Reduce the Risks of War by Accident, Miscalculation, and
Surprise Attack:
(a) States shall give advance notification to the participating
states and to the IDO of major military movements and
maneuvers, on a scale as may be agreed, which might give rise
to misinterpretation or cause alarm and induce countermeasures.
The notification shall include the geographic areas to be used
and the nature, scale and time span of the event.
(b) There shall be established observation posts at such
locations as major ports, railway centers, motor highways, and
air bases to report on concentrations and movements of military
forces.
(c) There shall also be established such additional inspection
arrangements to reduce the danger of surprise attack as may be
agreed.
(d) An international commission shall be established
immediately within the IDO to examine and make recommendations
on the possibility of further measures to reduce the risks of
nuclear war by accident, miscalculation, or failure of
communication.
G. To Keep the Peace:
(a) States shall reaffirm their obligations under the U.N.
Charter to refrain from the threat or use of any type of armed
force including nuclear, conventional, or CBR - contrary to the
principles of the U.N. Charter.
(b) States shall agree to refrain from indirect aggression and
subversion against any country.
(c) States shall use all appropriate processes for the peaceful
settlement of disputes and shall seek within the United Nations
further arrangements for the peaceful settlement of
international disputes and for the codification and progressive
development of international law.
(d) States shall develop arrangements in Stage I for the
establishment in Stage II of a U.N. Peace Force.
(e) A U.N. peace observation group shall be staffed with a
standing cadre of observers who could be dispatched to
investigate any situation which might constitute a threat to or
breach of the peace
STAGE II
A. International Disarmament Organization:
The powers and responsibilities of the IDO shall be
progressively enlarged in order to give it the capabilities to
verify the measures undertaken in Stage II.
B. To Further Reduce Armed Forces and Armaments:
(a) Levels of forces for the U.S., U.S.S.R., and other
militarily significant states shall be further reduced by
substantial amounts to agreed levels in equitable and balanced
steps.
(b) Levels of armaments of prescribed types shall be further
reduced by equitable and balanced steps. The reduction shall be
accomplished by transfers of armaments to depots supervised by
the IDO. When, at specified periods during the Stage II
reduction process, the parties have agreed that the armaments
and armed forces are at prescribed levels, the armaments in
depots shall be destroyed or converted to peaceful uses.
(c) There shall be further agreed restrictions on the
production of armaments.
(d) Agreed military bases and facilities wherever they are
located shall be dismantled or converted to peaceful uses.
(e) Depending upon the findings of the Experts Commission on
CBR weapons, the production of CBR weapons shall be halted,
existing stocks progressively reduced, and the resulting excess
quantities destroyed or converted to peaceful uses.
C. To Further Reduce the Nuclear Threat:
Stocks of nuclear weapons shall be progressively reduced to the
minimum levels which can be agreed upon as a result of the
findings of the Nuclear Experts Commission; the resulting
excess of fissionable material shall be transferred to peaceful
purposes.
D. To Further Reduce Strategic Nuclear Weapons Delivery Vehicles:
Further reductions in the stocks of strategic nuclear weapons
delivery vehicles and agreed types of weapons designed to
counter such vehicles shall be carried out in accordance with
the procedure outlined in Stage I.
E. To Keep the Peace:
During Stage II, states shall develop further the peace-keeping
processes of the United Nations, to the end that the United
Nations can effectively in Stage III deter or suppress any
threat or use of force in violation of the purposes and
principles of the United Nations:
(a) States shall agree upon strengthening the structure,
authority, and operation of the United Nations so as to assure
that the United Nations will be able effectively to protect
states against threats to or breaches of the peace.
(b) The U.N. Peace Force shall be established and progressively
strengthened.
(c) States shall also agree upon further improvements and
developments in rules of international conduct and in processes
for peaceful settlement of disputes and differences.
STAGE III
By the time Stage II has been completed, the confidence produced
through a verified disarmament program, the acceptance of rules of
peaceful international behavior, and the development of
strengthened international peace-keeping processes within the
framework of the U.N. should have reached a point where the states
of the world can move forward to Stage III. In Stage III
progressive controlled disarmament and continuously developing
principles and procedures of international law would proceed to a
point where no state would have the military power to challenge the
progressively strengthened U.N. Peace Force and all international
disputes would be settled according to the agreed principles of
international conduct.
The progressive steps to be taken during the final phase of the
disarmament program would be directed toward the attainment of a
world in which:
(a) States would retain only those forces, non-nuclear
armaments, and establishments required for the purpose of
maintaining internal order; they would also support and provide
agreed manpower for a U.N Peace Force.
(b) The U.N. Peace Force, equipped with agreed types and
quantities of armaments, would be fully functioning.
(c) The manufacture of armaments would be prohibited except for
those of agreed types and quantities to be used by the U.N.
Peace Force and those required to maintain internal order. All
other armaments would be destroyed or converted to peaceful
purposes.
(d) The peace-keeping capabilities of the United Nations would
be sufficiently strong and the obligations of all states under
such arrangements sufficiently far-reaching as to assure peace
and the just settlement of differences in a disarmed world.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 11161 O-609147
=================================================================
"Thoughtcrime was not a thing that could be concealed forever. You might
dodge sucessfully for a while, even for years, but sooner or later they
were bound to get you."
-- George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four
*****************************************************************